How Does Life Work? Biosphere Community: Kingdom Fungi.
Los hongos son formas de vida que la gente a menudo desprecia. Los mohos ataca nuestro pan, el marchite ataca a nuestros tomates. Unos pocos hongos, tales como la levadura Candida, infectan a las personas. Y algunos hongos se sienten viscosos. Entonces, ¿qué más se puede pedir?
Sin los hongos simbióticos, árboles y otras plantas no pueden prosperar. Los animales terrestres todos morirían sin alimentos planta que prospera.
Sin descomponedores micóticos, la Tierra estaría cubierto con organismos muertos que no podía liberar sus nutrientes en la biosfera. Todas las vidas pequeños morirían de hambre. De hecho, ninguna vida, excepto los microbios, podría sobrevivir sin los hongos.
Hay más cosas que decir acerca de los hongos, abajo, pero primero echemos un vistazo a la belleza que ofrecen muchos hongos.
Nota: esta página no tiene la intención de introducir la micología como ciencia. Más bien se tiene la intención de convencer al espectador a una percepción ampliada de los hongos y los muchos tipos y formas que este reino incluye.
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Setas isabelinas Pequeñas y Fraile Mirando
foto John Caddy |
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Un hongo que otro mundo te está mirando. Es Mycena interrupta! |
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seta azul de Nueva Zelanda
Crédito de la foto Bronwyn Dee |
Probablemente radiata Phlebia, masa de hongos en abedul
Crédito de la imagen John Caddy |
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Naciendo Grisette setas
Crédito de la imagen John Caddy |
Betulina Lenzites, un hongo estante, en madera muerta
Crédito de la imagen John Caddy |
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Microporus goblets, Australia
photo credit Peter Kuttner. Go to his website |
Tramites versicolor, turkeytail shelf
Photo credit John Caddy |
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Amanita muscaria, Fly Agaric Mushroom |
Maiden’s Veil Stinkhorn, Australia
Photo credit Glen Threlfo |
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unknown fluted mushroom, Fern Canyon, CA
Photo credit John Caddy |
Crepitodus applanatus mushroom on rotwood
Photo credit John Caddy |
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Coprinus comatus, Shaggy Mane Mushroom
Photo credit John Caddy |
unknown trumpet, Sauk River, Washington
Photo credit John Caddy |
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Hygrocybe cheelii of Tasmania
Image credit Steve Axford. Go to his website |
Laetiporus sulphureus, chicken of the woods
image credit John Caddy |
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earthstar on cinder cone, Sunset Crater, San Francisco Peaks, Arizona
Image credit John Caddy |
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Woodland purple mushroom
Image credit John Caddy |
Lycoperdon pulcherrimum, Gem Studded Puffball
Image credit John Caddy |
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Cymatoderma elegans fungus, Australia
photo credit Peter Kuttner. Go to his website |
Sarcoscypha coccinea, crimson cup
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All fungi are Eucaryotes, their cells have a nucleus.
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Fungi are almost all multicellular, except for yeasts, which are single-celled.
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Many fungi are are both microscopic and macroscopic.
Fruiting bodies like mushrooms are visible, hyphae usually not. |
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Multicellular fungi grow hyphae (singular: hypha)
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Hyphae are microscopic tubes that can grow toward rapidly toward food, up to 1 cm./day. Some hyphae make nooses to trap tiny roundworms. Some use sticky nets of hyphae to trap tiny prey.
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The combined hyphal mass of a fungus is called a mycellium. See image below
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Mushrooms are masses of hyphae.
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Armillaria rhizomorphs are bootlace-like or root-like masses of hyphae. See image below
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mycellium under mushroom
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hyphae of soil fungus (enlarged)
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mycellium in rotted log
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Armillaria ‘bootlace’ rhizomorphs
under bark of dead tree |
mycellium on dead oak leaf
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Armillaria rhizomorphs
from soil next to log |
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Fungi play essential roles in Earth’s ecology, in every ecosystem. |
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Most Fungi are decomposers, or saprophytes, organisms that live off decaying organic matter | |
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Decay is the disassembly/decomposing process that restores nutrients to forms that are available to feed other living beings. | |
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Fungi, along with bacteria, are the great recyclers of nutrients. | |
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Many fungi live in symbiotic partnerships |
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for symbiosis with plants, go to Mycorrhiza | |
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for symbiosis with algae and cyanobacteria, go to Lichens | |
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for symbiosis with insects, go to Ants and go to Termites | |
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Mycorrhiza fungi expand pine roots
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Lichens partner with algae and cyanobacteria.
They give forests nitrogen |
Ants cut leaves to feed
the fungus they farm |
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tightly spaced gills
image credit John Caddy |
widely spaced gills being eaten by thrips
image credit John Caddy |
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Grisettes playing Goldilocks and Three Bears
image credit John Caddy |
Chanterelle look-alike with gills extending down stem, probably Omphalotus illudens
image credit John Caddy |
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parasol mushroom in coastal rainforest,Oregon
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unknown mushroom begins brown, opens gray
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Lepiota(?) weeping in compost bin
image credit John Caddy |
Coprinus picaceus, Magpie Ink Cap
image credit John Caddy |
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flamulina velutipes, velvet foot, on oak
image credit John Caddy |
Grisette, Amanita vaginata, with pleated border
image credit John Caddy |
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Mycena mushrooms collapsing
image credit John Caddy |
possibly tiny Xeromphalina campanella
image credit John Caddy |
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Hygrocybe species (waxy cap)
image credit John Caddy |
detail Parasola lawn mushroom
image credit John Caddy |
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unknown mushroom in muskeg bog
image credit John Caddy |
Russula emetica, nibbled
image credit John Caddy |
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probably Pleutotus dryinus, umbrella for spores
image credit John Caddy |
clustered domes, Fern Canyon, CA
image credit John Caddy |
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Auriscalpium vulgare, toothed mushroom
image credit Bernd Glewa |
five Coprinopsis atramentaria, inky cap
Image credit John Caddy |
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Boletes, without gills |
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Tube ends of a Suillus bolete
image credit John Caddy |
Tube ends on Leccinum bolete underside
image credit John Caddy |
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Tylopilus felleus, bitter bolete, on log
image credit John Caddy |
Bolete on soil
image credit John Caddy |
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Aspen Scaber Stalk, Leccinum insigne, on soil
image credit John Caddy |
White Pine Bolete, aka Slippery Jack,
Suillus americanus, on soil image credit John Caddy |
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detail, Phaeolus schweinitzii on log
image credit John Caddy |
Birch polypore
image credit John Caddy |
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chicken of the woods
image credit John Caddy |
pore surface beneath shelf on oak
image credit John Caddy |
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old Phaeolus schweinitzii on log
image credit John Caddy |
white shelf on birch log–find the spider?
image credit John Caddy |
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Artist’s Conk, Ganoderma applanattum
image credit John Caddy |
Shelf fungus with toothy grimace
image credit John Caddy |
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Artist’s Conk, Ganoderma applanattum
image credit John Caddy |
Hericium americanum, Bear Head toothed fungus
image credit JC Jacobs |
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Fungal Guffaw
image credit John Caddy |
White-spored Chicken of the Woods,
Laetiporus cincinnatus image credit John Caddy |
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Trametes? funnel on oak
image credit John Caddy |
Trametes versicolor, turkey tail fungus
image credit John Caddy |
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Ganoderma tsugae, Hemlock Varnish Shelf
image credit John Caddy |
orange toothed shelf fungus
image credit John Caddy |
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fuzzy smiles on alder
image credit John Caddy |
Trichaptum biforme, fuzzy shelf
image credit John Caddy |
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Ramaria formosa, coral fungus
image credit John Caddy |
Mutinus sp. Devil’s Dipstick Stinkhorn
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Clavaria fumosa, coral fungus
image credit Notts Fungi Group |
Clathrus ruber, latticed stnkhorn
image credit Josef Hlasek |
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Otidea leporina fungus on soil
image credit John Caddy |
Bird’s Nest cup fungus on soil
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White Cup fungus on wood
image credit John Caddy |
Bisporella citrina, Orange cup on wood
image credit John Caddy |
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Sarcoscypha coccinnea, crimson elf cup
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Scutellinia scutellata, eyelash cup
Image credit David Work |
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Ruffled Paper fungus, Probably Podoscypha petalodes, Australia Image credit Tony Wills
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Dictyophora indusiata, Maiden’s Veil Stinkhorn,
Image credit Albert |
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Xylobolus frustulatus, Ceramic Fungus
image credit John Caddy |
Xylaria polymorpha, Dead Man’s Fingers
Image credit John Caddy |
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Ascocoryne cylichnium, Jelly in old railroad tie
image credit John Caddy |
Pachyella Jelly, possibly clypeata
image credit John Caddy |
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Tremella mesenterica, Witch’s Butter
image credit John Caddy |
Exidia recisa jelly on oak twig
image credit John Caddy |
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Anemone Stinkhorn sets out smelly bait
image credit Peter Kuttner Go to his website biodiversity.com.au |
anemone stinkhorn with flies feasting on spores |
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unknown pillowy fungus, app.24″ wide, on ponderosa pine, King’s Creek, Mt. Lassen, CA
Image credit John Caddy |
Marasmius graminum on dead grass stems
Image credit David Fischer |
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Bondarzewia berkeleyi, huge Berkeley’s polypore
image credit americanmushrooms.com |
mini Agaric, paper match for scale
image credit David Fischer |
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Calbovista subsculpta, 12 inch faceted puffballs
at 7,000′, Mount Shasta, CA Image credit John Caddy |
Marasmius sp. on oak leaf, acorn for scale
image credit E. Grosh |
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gigantic mushroom
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Giant Puffball, Calvatia gigantea, quarter for scale
image credit Tim Volk |
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Marasmius capillaris on dead leaf
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Tiny earthstar, paper match for scale
Image credit Paula DeSanto |
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Armillaria ostoyae rhizomorphs, part of world’s largest organism, 2,200 acres in Oregon,
filled with these rootlike cords. Image credit John Caddy |
mini mushrooms on quarter, in palm for scale
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FORESTTA 